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I. Automotive Parts Knowledge, Introduction to the Classification of Automotive Rubber Products:

High speed, safety, comfort, energy efficiency, and environmental protection are the goals pursued by modern automobiles. With the development of modern automobiles, the requirements for automotive rubber products have become increasingly strict and demanding. Not only are rubber materials with various special properties required to meet the new technical requirements of automobiles, but also higher physical and mechanical properties of rubber materials are required, such as aging resistance, high and low temperature resistance, resistance to new fuels, and excellent dynamic fatigue performance, and durable service life. In fact, every high-performance aspect of a modern automobile relies on the technological advancements of rubber products for support. The performance and quality of automotive rubber products play a crucial role in improving the overall quality of automobiles. It is worth noting that rubber products always play the role of accessories, but these accessories constantly influence the technological progress and level of the mainframe. Therefore, it can be said that the technology and quality of automotive rubber products basically reflect the technical level of the entire vehicle.

Classification of Automotive Rubber Products:

Rubber tires are known as the two legs of a car, and their importance in automobiles is self-evident. Tires are the rubber product with the largest rubber consumption in the rubber industry, so in the rubber industry, tires are often separated from rubber products as a special variety. In automotive parts, rubber tires are a special accessory.

Automotive rubber products can be divided into seven major categories: tires, sealing products, shock absorption products, safety products, belt products, hose products, and other products such as wipers, mudguards, adhesives, sealants, and interior trim.

 

1. Tires:

Automobile tires bear the entire weight of the vehicle, the people and goods on board, and also function to enable the car to move forward, backward, turn, and brake. The safety, comfort, and driving handling performance of a car largely depend on the high performance and high quality of the tires.

Rubber tires have a history of 160 years. As early as 1845, the British R. W. Thomson put a rubber tube on a wooden wheel, thereby reducing the rolling resistance of the wheel and reducing vibration. This early rubber tire was already very popular at the time. Of course, this should be attributed to the excellent performance of rubber materials. Until 1888, the British J. B. Dunlop invented the pneumatic tire. In the more than one hundred years that followed, with the development of the automotive industry, rubber tires have undergone several generations of product development, updates, and progress, with tire carcass materials evolving from cotton cords and rayon to nylon cord bias-ply tires, and finally to today's steel-belted radial tires.

The invention of pneumatic tires effectively promoted the development of automobiles. Because pneumatic tires have excellent shock absorption performance, they significantly reduce vibration, making automobile operation safer, the ride more comfortable, and significantly increasing the vehicle's speed. With the continuous improvement of rubber materials, formula technology, manufacturing equipment, and manufacturing processes, the safety and durability of automobile tires have been greatly improved. For example, in 1900, the mileage of each tire was only 800 km; by 1978, the mileage of each tire had reached 60,000 km; by the 21st century, the mileage of each tire was no less than 140,000 km, or even 200,000 km. The speed of automobiles has increased significantly with the rapid construction and commissioning of expressways, from tens of km/h to 100 km/h, 140 km/h, and even 200 km/h.

As passenger cars gradually entered households, this stimulated the rapid development of China's automobile industry and promoted the development of the automotive supporting industry and the rubber products industry. Obviously, the first to be affected was rubber tires.

Due to the high-speed development of automobiles, rubber tire products have transitioned from bias-ply tires to radial tires. China's tire production is ranked first globally.

 

2. Sealing Products:

Sealing products are divided into three major categories: O-rings, lip seals, and sealing strips. O-rings and lip seals are installed in engines, gearboxes, car main shafts, and hydraulic and pneumatic transmission systems to prevent leakage of lubricating oil, hydraulic oil, and other liquids or gases, ensuring the normal operation of various component systems, and preventing external sand, dust, and impurities from entering the system and affecting the normal operation of the machine. O-ring seals and lip seals are mainly used for sealing rotating shafts or reciprocating shafts. Lip seals can be classified by structure into inner lip seals, outer lip seals, semi-exposed lip seals, lip seals, lip seals with auxiliary lips, and combined seals; by installation location in automobiles, they can be classified into front crankshaft seals, rear crankshaft seals, gearbox seals, cam box seals, wheel housing seals, half-shaft seals, pneumatic guide rod seals, and shock absorber seals, etc. Sealing strips are mainly used in car doors, windows, luggage compartments, engine hoods, etc., playing a role in sealing, wind protection, rain prevention, shock absorption, and sound insulation. According to the structure, they can be divided into pure rubber sealing strips (which can be further divided into sponge rubber and solid rubber) and composite sealing strips (divided into rubber/metal skeleton composite strips, composite strips of two or more types of rubber, and rubber-plastic composite strips).

In recent years, China's automotive rubber products industry has emerged with a number of backbone enterprises with large production scales and high professional levels through the introduction of advanced foreign technologies, equipment, and technological transformation, gradually forming a relatively complete industrial system that can basically meet and adapt to the needs of China's automobile industry.

Currently, there are about 30 lip seal factories in China with a certain scale and level, with a total production capacity of about 200 million pieces. Currently, China can produce various structures of automotive-specific lip seals, including inner and outer lip seals, pressure-resistant seals, and hydrodynamic seals with main lips and oil return lines, which can meet the needs of the domestic automotive market. However, due to the high speed of automobiles and the addition of fuel additives, the operating temperature, media resistance, and precision of seals are increasingly improving. For example, the lip speed of the rear crankshaft seal of some passenger cars can reach 200 meters/second, and the lip temperature can reach 250℃. The structure and materials of the original seals are no longer suitable for use. Foreign automotive engine seals generally use fluorosilicone rubber, acrylate rubber, and fluororubber. NBR/PTFE composite seals can extend the service life of seals to 4000-4500 hours, which is equivalent to a mileage of 130,000-180,000 km.

However, Chinese automotive seals still mainly use nitrile rubber. Although a few manufacturers can produce fluororubber and acrylate seals, the output and quality cannot keep up with the needs of the automotive industry, and their service life is less than 100,000 km. High-end passenger car key parts seals, such as rear crankshaft seals and automotive guide rod seals, still rely on imported parts, and the domestication rate is very low. For lip seals, future tasks include further improving the heat resistance, dynamic fatigue resistance, and compression set of the rubber materials, improving tooling levels and automation, and improving mold processing precision. The main materials of seals will widely use fluorosilicone rubber, chloroprene rubber, hydrogenated nitrile rubber, and acrylate rubber.

There are more than 60 seal strip manufacturers in China, with 49 production lines for automotive seal strips, with a total annual production capacity of 200 million meters.

Seal strips are one of the fastest-growing sectors in China's rubber products industry in recent years, with significant growth in output, output value, and profit, and have basically formed a specialized system. Manufacturers have introduced production technologies, equipment, and testing instruments from Italy's Saya Sealing Components Company. The technology and product quality are equivalent to the international level of the 1990s, and they can independently design and develop products, basically meeting the needs of the domestic automobile industry. The main rubber type is ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber. Future development will use TPE for seal strips, TPV for glass guide grooves, and new processes such as multi-faceted flocking and extrusion film lamination.

 

3. Vibration damping products:

Rubber vibration damping products are mainly installed in the engine, body, air conditioning, and vehicle suspension systems. They are mainly used to reduce vibration and noise during vehicle operation, improving vehicle handling stability, safety, and comfort. With the continuous improvement of the comprehensive performance of modern automobiles, higher and higher requirements are placed on the performance and quality of rubber vibration damping products. The main requirements are that vibration damping products must have excellent vibration damping performance, resistance to dynamic fatigue, and ultra-long service life. Automotive rubber vibration damping products mainly include air springs, front and rear engine mounting pads, flexible couplings, and various shapes of rubber bushings and pads. High-end automobiles also install high-performance special dampers in each tire support.

China has more than 20 rubber vibration damping product factories of considerable scale, with a production capacity of about 70 million units, basically meeting the needs of domestic automobile production, matching, and repair replacement.

At present, advanced countries abroad have successfully developed a new generation of rubber dampers, such as sealed liquid dampers, electronically controlled dampers, and torsional dampers. Such products are still in the research and development stage in China. China's automotive vibration damping products still mainly use natural rubber, and a combination of natural rubber and butadiene rubber. The direction of material development should be EPDM rubber, butyl rubber, and other rubber types with good heat resistance and damping performance. Developing new damping materials with better heat resistance and dynamic fatigue resistance, and developing sealed liquid dampers are research topics that China should invest more in in the future.

 

4. Safety products:

Automotive rubber safety products play a role in braking reliability, driving safety, and personal safety in automobiles. Safety products mainly include brake diaphragms, cups, brake pads, airbags, and bumpers.

Brake diaphragms and cups are directly related to vehicle driving safety. In the event of an accident during vehicle operation, they allow the vehicle to decelerate rapidly to a stop, ensuring the safety of the vehicle and personnel. Airbags are rubber products that provide safety protection for vehicle occupants in the event of an accident and impact. Bumpers reduce the impact force in the event of a collision.

There are more than 30 manufacturers of automotive brake diaphragms and cups in China. After years of transformation, the product performance basically meets the requirements of the automotive industry. The service life of high-strength rubber diaphragms produced domestically has reached the technical milestone of 1 million times. The production capacity of diaphragms is 35 million pieces, and the production capacity of cups is 15 million pieces. The main raw rubber used is natural rubber or a combination of natural rubber and synthetic rubber. In the future, high-strength rubber diaphragms such as EPDM rubber and thermoplastic elastomer TPE should be further developed and applied.

The production of airbags in China is just starting, with only 6-7 manufacturers and a total production capacity of about 200,000 sets/year. The national automobile safety law stipulates that automobiles with a total weight of less than 2.5 tons (M1 category) must undergo collision tests before being included in the catalog, and all automobiles will have to meet the standards in the future and must be equipped with airbags. Airbags generally use nylon as the skeleton and are made of chloroprene rubber. The next development direction is to use thermoplastic elastomers to manufacture airbags.

 

5. Rubber hose products:

Rubber hose products are used in three major parts: chassis, engine, and body, for seven systems: oil, gas, drive, control, brake, cooling, and heating. They supply oil, gas, water, and transmit power. Hose types include fuel lines, water hoses, brake hoses, vacuum hoses, air conditioning hoses, radiator hoses, power steering hoses, and special branched hoses.

Automotive hoses have grown at a rate of about 25% in recent years. There are more than 20 automotive hose factories of considerable scale in China, with a total production capacity of 200 million standard meters. Braided hoses and spiral hoses are the main products, and the proportion of resin composite hoses, including brake hoses and cooling water hoses, is increasing; short fiber hoses are valued for their simple process and good performance. In terms of rubber materials, it has developed from a single rubber type in the past to using different rubber types for the inner, middle, and outer layers to adapt to different working environment conditions, generally composed of 2-3 different rubbers. In recent years, the development of automotive hoses in China has taken shape, and many enterprises have introduced advanced foreign technologies and equipment, greatly improving product quality. However, there is still a large gap compared with foreign countries, and mid-to-low-end products can meet market demand. High-end products such as fuel lines, thin braided hoses, and heat-resistant hoses still rely on imports. The domestication rate of these products for domestically produced cars is only 40%, and the domestication rate for high-end cars is only 5-10%. In addition to using nitrile rubber, the rubber materials also use nitrile rubber/polyvinyl chloride blended rubber, and further applications will include hydrogenated nitrile rubber, chlorinated polyether rubber, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, and EPDM rubber.

 

6. Rubber belt products:

Rubber belt products in automobiles are mainly used to transmit torque and speed, transmitting power from the power source engine to where power is needed. They are installed in systems such as cooling fans, cooling water pumps, brake compressors, power steering pumps, air conditioning systems, and steering devices. Rubber belt products are divided into V-belts (further divided into ordinary V-belts and multi-wedge belts) and synchronous belts (toothed belts). V-belts are further divided into cut belts and wrapped belts according to their structure. V-belts are characterized by high speed and high transmission power. Synchronous toothed belts are used for automobile engine timing and ignition, with high speed, high transmission power, and high temperature.

The production of drive belts, especially synchronous belts, for passenger cars in our country started relatively late. After the reform and opening up, some joint ventures, in order to cooperate with the introduction of passenger car domestication, successively introduced advanced foreign technologies and equipment, and developed corresponding products, basically meeting the needs of passenger cars; however, the quality and performance of the products are still somewhat inferior to similar foreign products. The production process of automotive V-belts has been replaced by edge-cut belts instead of edge-wrapped belts. In terms of materials used, foreign countries mainly use hydrogenated nitrile rubber; domestically, chloroprene rubber is still mainly used, with a few applications of ethylene propylene rubber and chlorosulfonated polyethylene elastomer. Hydrogenated nitrile rubber is too expensive to use, resulting in a service life of only about 100 hours for domestic V-belts. Foreign V-belts can be used for 180,000 km, which can be synchronized with major car overhauls. There are about 300 automobile drive belt manufacturers in China, with a production capacity of 500 million standard meters of V-belts and 20 million synchronous belts.

 

7. Other products:

These rubber products include automotive rubber sheets (floor mats and mudguards), automotive interiors and adhesives, sealants, wiper blades, etc. Floor mats are used to cover the interior floor for shock absorption and anti-slip. Wiper blades are used to remove rain and snow from the windshield in rainy and snowy weather, ensuring driver visibility, normal operation, and normal vehicle driving. Adhesives are used for bonding automotive interior materials and protecting the bottom of the vehicle, etc.

Automotive wiper blades are one of the products with more problems in China's automotive rubber products. The main problems are high noise, poor wear resistance, and poor wiping efficiency. Domestic wiper blades mainly use chloroprene rubber. Foreign countries have conducted more in-depth research on materials and structures. For example, using ethylene propylene rubber and silicone rubber to replace chloroprene rubber, adding solid lubricants to the rubber compound, or surface spraying wear-resistant materials, etc. The quality problems of automotive wiper blades have attracted the attention of the Chinese people, and some manufacturers have already carried out relevant research and achieved good results.

Automotive sealants are mainly used for sealing between the car body, car door steel plate welds, and connecting parts. Automotive adhesives mainly include PVC hot melt adhesive, asphalt primer, and chloroprene adhesive.

 

II. Introduction to Automotive Parts:

Air filter: Its function is to filter dust and impurities from the air and allow clean air to enter the engine. This is very important for the life and normal operation of the engine. When the air filter adsorbs too much dust and impurities, it will become clogged, affecting the engine's operation, so it must be replaced regularly. If you drive in areas with a lot of dust, such as areas with sandstorms, the air filter replacement cycle should be shortened.

Battery: Needless to say, it stores electrical energy. It is generally a lead-acid battery, and the electrolyte is dilute sulfuric acid.

Brake fluid: Commonly known as brake oil. The braking of small cars is generally hydraulic, which means that brake fluid is used as a medium to transmit the force of the brake pedal to the brake disc.

Ignition coil: Converts low voltage to high voltage, and discharges through the spark plug below it to generate an electric spark, igniting the fuel-air mixture for combustion and work.

Engine oil: This also needs no explanation, it is mineral oil or synthetic oil that plays a lubricating and sealing role. If the engine lacks the lubrication of engine oil, it will cause serious problems such as cylinder scoring and bearing seizure.

Power steering fluid: The power steering of small cars is generally still traditional hydraulic power steering. Since it is hydraulic, it needs a liquid medium. Of course, some cars have started to use electric power steering, which is also the future development trend.

Coolant: A liquid medium that circulates in the channels of the radiator and engine block to cool the engine. It is mainly water and additives. Because it has an antifreeze function, it is called coolant.

Washer fluid: As everyone knows, it is used to wipe the glass. Now you should know where it is.

Oil dipstick: A dipstick for checking the engine oil level. When using it, turn off the engine first, pull out the dipstick, wipe the oil on it with a clean paper towel, then insert it again and pull it out to check the oil level. It must be between the upper and lower limit marks on the dipstick, neither too much nor too little.

Fuse box: Contains many fuses for electrical equipment, as well as relays. The small F has two fuse boxes, the other one is under the driver's left side in the driver's cab. Please refer to the vehicle manual for details.

Air intake: The air intake of the engine. This is an optimized version, and the position has been raised a lot. The air intake of older cars is relatively low, and the engine is prone to water ingress when wading. The position of the air intake is the limit of the vehicle's wading depth and must not be exceeded. If the engine ingests water, the consequences will be very serious!

Electronic throttle: Although it's called a throttle, it actually has nothing to do with oil. It connects the intake manifold and the intake plenum, controlling the amount of air entering the engine. Therefore, the correct term should be electronic throttle. The engine control module will calculate the fuel injection amount based on the air intake amount, so that the engine speed and output power can be controlled.

Intake manifold: The intake branch pipe that branches from the intake manifold to each cylinder. Although it is just a pipe, it has technological content, such as a variable intake manifold.

Canister purge valve: The canister adsorbs gasoline vapor from the fuel tank. When the canister purge valve opens, the engine will draw the gasoline vapor adsorbed by the activated carbon in the canister into the intake pipe and finally participate in combustion. This is beneficial to environmental protection and can save some fuel.

Fuel distributor: Distributes gasoline to each fuel injector. The fuel injectors are connected below it and are blocked from view.

Crankcase ventilation pipe: The right side is the intake pipe, and the left side is the exhaust pipe. Its function is to ventilate the crankcase.

Electronic throttle: Although it's called a throttle, it actually has nothing to do with oil. It connects the intake manifold and the intake plenum, controlling the amount of air entering the engine. Therefore, the correct term should be electronic throttle. The engine control module will calculate the fuel injection amount based on the air intake amount, so that the engine speed and output power can be controlled.

Intake manifold: The intake branch pipe that branches from the intake manifold to each cylinder. Although it is just a pipe, it has technological content, such as a variable intake manifold.

Canister purge valve: The canister adsorbs gasoline vapor from the fuel tank. When the canister purge valve opens, the engine will draw the gasoline vapor adsorbed by the activated carbon in the canister into the intake pipe and finally participate in combustion. This is beneficial to environmental protection and can save some fuel.

Fuel distributor: Distributes gasoline to each fuel injector. The fuel injectors are connected below it and are blocked from view.

Crankcase ventilation pipe: The right side is the intake pipe, and the left side is the exhaust pipe. Its function is to ventilate the crankcase.

Fuel injector: Sprays the gasoline pressurized by the fuel pump in an atomized form. The holes of the fuel injector are very small, so that the gasoline can be atomized better, but it is also easily clogged, so the fuel injector should be cleaned regularly.

Vacuum booster: Uses the pressure difference between the vacuum pressure of the engine intake pipe and the atmospheric pressure to assist braking, which can reduce the driver's "labor intensity".

Brake master cylinder: Generates brake fluid pressure, which is transmitted to each brake caliper through the brake lines.

Clutch master cylinder: When the clutch pedal is depressed, the clutch master cylinder connected to the pedal will actuate, generating hydraulic pressure that is transmitted along the line to the clutch slave cylinder, finally converting into mechanical force to disengage the clutch. Little F's clutch operating system is hydraulic, sharing the same hydraulic fluid as the braking system, so there is a pipe connected to the brake fluid reservoir.

ABS pump: A very important safety device~! ABS stands for Anti-lock Braking System. When braking, the ABS system automatically applies pulsed braking to each wheel dozens of times per second based on vehicle speed, braking force, and other information, preventing wheel lockup and skidding, and loss of vehicle control. It also allows for steering during braking to avoid obstacles.

Power steering pump: Provides hydraulic power for power steering. Recently, some car owners in the forum have reported problems with belt noise, which is caused by the offset of the power steering pump bracket, resulting in the power steering pump pulley not being on the same plane as other pulleys, causing abnormal friction between the belt and the pulley during operation and generating noise.

Air conditioning compressor: Compresses the vaporized refrigerant into a liquid state, then pumps it into the evaporator to produce the coolness we need~!

Exhaust manifold: The exhaust gas generated by each cylinder of the engine is collected into the exhaust manifold, then passes through the catalytic converter and muffler before being discharged into the atmosphere. Because the exhaust gas from the engine is very hot, a protective shell is added here to provide heat insulation. Do you see the hand-shaped symbol and the X? It means don't touch it; it's very hot~!

Oxygen sensor: Detects the oxygen content in the exhaust gas and transmits the signal to the engine control module to control the fuel injection amount, ensuring complete fuel combustion and reducing emissions. If the oxygen sensor malfunctions, it is said that the engine will idle unstably, and fuel consumption will increase dramatically.

Vacuum booster: Uses the pressure difference between the vacuum pressure of the engine intake pipe and the atmospheric pressure to assist braking, which can reduce the driver's "labor intensity".

Brake master cylinder: Generates brake fluid pressure, which is transmitted to each brake caliper through the brake lines.

Clutch master cylinder: When the clutch pedal is depressed, the clutch master cylinder connected to the pedal will actuate, generating hydraulic pressure that is transmitted along the line to the clutch slave cylinder, finally converting into mechanical force to disengage the clutch. Little F's clutch operating system is hydraulic, sharing the same hydraulic fluid as the braking system, so there is a pipe connected to the brake fluid reservoir.

Power steering pump: Provides hydraulic power for power steering. Recently, some car owners in the forum have reported problems with belt noise, which is caused by the offset of the power steering pump bracket, resulting in the power steering pump pulley not being on the same plane as other pulleys, causing abnormal friction between the belt and the pulley during operation and generating noise.

Clutch slave cylinder: Hydraulic pressure generated by the clutch master cylinder is transmitted along the clutch oil line to the clutch slave cylinder, generating mechanical force to push the separation rod on the right, disengaging the clutch. Hydraulic is much better than cable.

Shift linkage cable: One end of the cable is connected to the gear lever in the driver's compartment, and the other end is connected to the gear selection and shifting mechanism. The cable has a great influence on the feel of shifting; if shifting is difficult, it may be a problem with the cable~!

Starter motor: It is actually a small electric motor. When the ignition switch is turned to the start position, the starter motor rotates, driving the engine to rotate and assisting the engine to start and enter the working state. If you encounter difficulty starting the car, do not crank for too long, only a few seconds at a time. If it still fails after several attempts, turn the key back, wait a few minutes to allow the starter motor to cool down, and then try again. This can prevent the starter motor from burning out.

Fuel pump: After lifting the rear seat, you will see a black cover; the fuel pump is underneath. After removing the cover, you can see the fuel pump, which is actually installed on the fuel tank, but removing the fuel tank is troublesome, so a hole is opened here for easy replacement if the fuel pump is damaged.

The fuel pump pressurizes the gasoline, which is then delivered to the fuel injectors through the fuel lines. Because of the pressure, the gasoline sprayed from the fuel injectors can be atomized well and mixed evenly with the air.

There is a very important precaution when using the fuel pump: keep the fuel tank from getting too low. Don't wait until the fuel light comes on to refuel; add fuel when it's almost empty. This is because the fuel pump relies on the gasoline in the fuel tank for cooling. If there is too little fuel, the cooling effect will be poor, and in severe cases, the fuel pump will burn out.

Fuel filter: Installed in front of the right rear wheel, next to the fuel tank, its function is to filter out water, impurities, and gum from the gasoline to prevent blockage of the fuel system and ensure the normal operation of the fuel supply device.

Brake line: Transmits the force from the brake pedal.

Brake caliper: Converts the hydraulic pressure of the brake fluid into mechanical force, acting on the brake caliper. The friction pads on the caliper generate friction with the brake disc, converting the vehicle's kinetic energy into heat energy, thus stopping the vehicle.

Sway bar: Reduces body roll during turning and improves handling.

Drive shaft: Transmits power from the engine to the wheels to drive the vehicle.

Steering tie rod: Controls the steering of the wheels and adjusts the camber.

Lower control arm, upper control arm: Suspension components connecting the wheels and the vehicle body.

Universal joint: Connects two shafts and can arbitrarily change the transmission angle between the two shafts within a certain range. Because the front wheels need to both drive and steer~!

Spring: Elastic element, acts as a buffer. This is a coil spring; trucks use leaf springs, and some high-end cars use air springs.

Shock absorber: Hydraulic damping element that absorbs the energy of road impacts and suppresses the rebound force of the spring after compression. It works with the spring to form a shock absorption system, used to reduce vehicle vibrations caused by uneven road surfaces. The damping force of the shock absorber and the elasticity of the spring, after different tuning and matching, will produce different chassis styles, such as sporty and comfortable.

Parking brake cable: Brakes the rear wheels when the parking brake is engaged, similar to bicycle brakes.

Exhaust pipe flexible joint: Blocks the transmission of engine vibrations.

Subframe: Suspension component connecting the lower control arm and the vehicle body.

Catalytic converter: Converts harmful gases such as NOx and CO in the exhaust gas into harmless gases such as N2 and CO2, reducing emissions pollution.

Muffler: Eliminates engine exhaust noise. Without this, our cars would roar like sports cars.

Canister: A small black canister located on the right rear of the vehicle, filled with activated carbon and connected to the fuel tank, its function is to adsorb gasoline vapor. When the vehicle is running, the canister purge valve opens in time to return the absorbed fuel vapor to the intake manifold to save fuel and protect the environment.

Torsion beam: A torsion beam semi-independent suspension component that can produce a certain torsional deformation, making its suspension performance between independent and non-independent suspension. This type of suspension is characterized by its low cost, high strength, small space occupation, and generally average comfort, and is often used in small cars.